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Does Physical Activity Really affect Academic Performance?

In many sporting activities it is found that in and around exam times athletes may disappear from, or minimise their physical activity or training programmes in order to focus more on their academic performances or revision. However, in reality this may have an adverse affect on both.

Relationship of Physical Activity and Academic Performance

A positive relationship of physical activity and academic performance has been explored through several studies conducted in the USA by the California Department of Education; Dwyer, Sallis, Blizzard, Lazarus, & Dean (2001); Dwyer et al. (1983); Linder (1999); Linder (2002); Shephard (1997); Tremblay et al. (2000); and others. These studies support one another in suggesting that when a substantial amount of school time is dedicated to physical activity, academic performance meets and may even exceed that of students not receiving additional physical activity (Shephard, 1997).

Co-author, Debby Mitchell became interested in the link between physical activity and cognitive ability after attending two summer workshops with Phyllis Weikart, Professor Emeritus at the University of Michigan. Weikart's concern was that children are having less opportunities to be physically active and develop basic motor skills that will enhance children acadmically.

Due to Weikart's influence, Mitchell performed a research study, "The relationship between rhythmic competency and academic performance in first grade children" (1994). The findings supported a link between academic achievement and the motor skills of maintaining a steady beat. Also motivated by Phyllis Weikart are Kuhlman & Schweinhart, who report in their discussions that children's timing has been found to be positively related to children's overall school achievement, as well as mathematics and reading achievement (1999).

Physical Activity Benefits

Youth receiving additional physical activity tend to show improved attributes such as increased brain function and nourishment, higher energy/concentration levels, changes in body build affecting self esteem, increased self-esteem and better behavior which may all support cognitive learning (Cocke, 2002) (Tremblay, Inman, & Willms, 2000) (Dwyer, Coonan, Leitch, Hetzel, & Baghurst, 1983) (Shephard, 1997).

Improved brain attributes associated with regular physical activity consist of increased cerebral blood flow, changes in hormone levels, enhanced nutrient intake, and greater arousal (Shephard, 1997). Cocke (2002) states "a trio of studies presented at the 2001 Society for Neuroscience Conference suggest that regular exercise can improve cognitive function and increase levels of substances in the brain responsible for maintaining the health of neurons." Brain function may also indirectly benefit from physical activity due to increased energy generation as well as from time outside of the classroom/away from studying; The increased energy levels and time outside of the classroom may give relief from boredom resulting in higher attention levels during classroom instruction (Linder 1999).

California Statewide Study of Physically Fit Kids

A cross-sectional study completed by the California Department of Education (CDE) (2002), included a sample of 954,000 students who were in grades five (353,000), seven (322,000), and nine (279,000). The study individually matched Stanford Achievement Test Ninth Edition (SAT-9) standardized test scores with results of the state-mandated, teacher administered, physical fitness test, known as the Fitnessgram. The six fitness standards included in the Fitnessgram are cardiovascular endurance, body composition, abdominal strength and endurance, trunk strength and flexibility, upper body strength and endurance, and overall flexibility.

Results of the CDE (2002) study included a "statistical analysis indicating a distinct and linear correlation between students' academic achievement and fitness scores" in all three grades; higher academic performance was positively related to higher levels of fitness with the greatest academic gains in students who met three or more physical fitness standards.

This association was greater in mathematics than in reading. Additionally, females demonstrated higher academic achievement at higher fitness levels than the males. In looking at this information, it should be noted that this study is still in the process of working with academicians to reach a published state in a peer-reviewed professional journal.

Australia -Academic Performance, Physical Activity and Fitness in Children

Dwyer et al. (2001) completed a study on 7,961 Australian schoolchildren (7-15 year olds) using a questionnaire/fitness test for measurement of physical activity/physical fitness and a 5-point scale to depict academic performance. The questionnaire was administered by trained data collectors to four students at a time to ensure the questions were understood and the obtained responses were as accurate as possible. Questions requested information on the students' involvement in sport including frequency, time, and intensity in the past week. Additionally, information in reference to the subjects' mode of transportation to and from school as well as activities during morning recess and lunch breaks was sought.

The fitness test was administered by a trained testing team and consisted of indoor and outdoor tests. Each student's academic performance was measured via 5-point scale (which indicated excellent, above average, average, below average, or poor ratings) administered by a school representative, most often the principal. Additionally, information regarding school size and physical activity programs were also noted on a school questionnaire (Dwyer, et al. 2001).

After analysis of the results, Dwyer concluded that "consistently across age and sex groups, the [academic] ratings were significantly correlated with questionnaire measures of physical activity and with performance on the 1.6 kilometer run, sit-ups, and push-ups challenges, 50-meter sprint, and standing long jump. "

Hong Kong - Sport Participation and Perceived Academic Peformance of School Children and Youth

Different from the above studies' tests of measurements, Linder (1999) used a questionnaire to gather data on both physical activity and academic performance of 4,690 9-18year old students in Hong Kong. Both tests were administered by trained data collectors to classrooms of students. Each student personally completed his/her questionnaires by rating their own physical activity and academic performance. After data analysis through the Statview computer program, results showed a significant but low correlation (more for the girls than for the boys) indicating that students who perceive themselves to have high academic performance generally participate in more physical activity (Linder, 1999). It is obvious that no direct correlations or causations can be assumed from this study, however a positive relationship between physical activity and perceived academic performance was found.

Conclusion

Enhanced brain function, energy levels, body builds/perceptions, self-esteem, and behavior have been attributed to physical activity and to improved academic performance. If physical activity is decreased or altered in athletes it is found in many cases that the athlete becomes tired, lathargic, lose focus and concentration, and thus both academic and athletic performances suffer. One cannot make direct correlations from the information offered. However it is obvious that many positive relationships have been suggested. Perhaps instead of decreasing physical activity, school officials should consider developing enhanced physical activity programs.

References

Cocke, A. (2002). Brain May Also Pump up from Workout. Retrieved April 11, 03, from Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting Web Site: http://www.neurosurgery.medsch.ucla.edu/whastnew/societyforneuroscience.htm

Dwyer, T., Coonan, W., Leitch, D., Hetzel, B., & Baghurst, R. (1983). An investigation of the effects of daily physical activity on the health of primary school students in South Australia. International Journal of Epidemiologists, 12(3), 308-313.

Dwyer, T., Sallis, J. F., Blizzard, L., Lazarus, R., & Dean, K. (2001). Relation of Academic Performance to Physical Activity and Fitness in Children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 13, 225-238.

Geron, E. (1996). Intelligence of Child and Adolescent Participants in Sports. In The Child and Adolescent Athlete (Vol. 6). Oxford, England: Blackwell Science Ltd.

Kuhlman, K & Lawrence J. Schweinhart, L.J. (1999). Timing in Child Development. High/Scope Educational Research Foundation.
http://www.highscope.org/Research/TimingPaper/timingstudy.htm

Linder, K. J. (1999). Sport Participation and Perceived Academic Performance of School Children and Youth. Pediatric Exercise Science, 11, 129-144.

Linder, K. J. (2002). The Physical Activity Participation--Academic Performance Relationship Revisited: Perceived and Actual Performance and the Effect of Banding (Academic Tracking). Pediatric Exercise Science, 14, 155-170.

Mitchell, D. L. (1994, May). The relationship between rhythmic competency and academic performance in first grade children. Doctoral Dissertation. Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida Department of Exceptional and Physical Education.

Shephard RJ. Curricular physical activity and academic performance. Pediatric Exercise Science, 1997;9:113-125

Tremblay, M. S., Inman, J. W., & Willms, J. D. (2000). The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Self-Esteem, and Academic Achievement in 12-Year-Old Children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12, 312-324.

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Six Vitaminwater Flavors Contain Substances Banned By NCAA

Vitaminwater is a "major marketing partner for the NCAA," but six of the brand's varieties may cause athletes to "test positive for banned substances," according to Natalie Zmuda of AD AGE. Revive is the "only Vitaminwater flavor that is directly affiliated with the NCAA, and it does not [contain] banned or impermissible substances." In October, Coca-Cola signed a multi-year agreement to display Vitaminwater's Revive flavor on the sidelines "during all college championship games." But a month later, Vitaminwater was "cited in a little-noted section on the NCAA website as producing six flavors containing banned or impermissible substances that could result in positive drug tests." Aside from Revive, another eight Vitaminwater flavors are "available on a by-request basis to players." The NCAA Web site states that the six flavors that include impermissible substances "do not have a direct association with the NCAA, and in situations where they are displayed alongside NCAA-themed promotions a visible disclaimer will be provided" (ADAGE.com, 2/10). Brown Univ.'s DAILY HERALD's Mitra Anoushiravani reported some Brown Univ. coaches have "told their teams not to drink the banned flavors of Vitaminwater." But Brown Univ. Assistant AD/Compliance Sarah Fraser said it was "more the responsibility of the individual student-athlete to know what they're putting into their body" (BROWN DAILY HERALD, 2/6).